黄浦江沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价初步研究

采用Hakanson生态风险指数法对黄浦江沉积物样品中PCB、Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn等8个污染要素进行了分析,对其污染程度和潜在的生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,黄浦江污染程度和潜在生态风险为中等。从总的污染程度来看,黄浦江各污染物对生态风险影响程度由大到小的顺序为:Hg,Cd,PCB,As,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr。     

Recovery of Soil Macrofauna Communities after Forest Clearance in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

Abstract:  As primary forest is cleared, pastures and secondary forest occupy an increasing space in the Amazonian landscape. We evaluated the effect of forest clearing on a soil macrofauna (invertebrate) community in a smallholder farming system of southeastern Amazonia. We sampled the soil macrofauna in 22 plots of forest, upland rice fields, pastures, and fallows of different ages. In total, we collected 10,728 invertebrates. In cleared plots the species richness per plot of the soil macrofauna fell from 76 to 30 species per plot immediately after forest clearance, and the composition of the new community was different. Ants, termites, and spiders were most affected by the disturbance. In plots deforested several years before, the effect of forest clearance was highly dependent on the type of land use (pasture or fallow). In fallows, the community was similar to the initial state. The species richness per plot in old fallows rose to 66, and the composition was closer to the primary forests than to the other types of land use. On the contrary, in the pastures the species richness per plot remained low at 47. In fallows, all the groups showed a richness close to that in primary forest, whereas in the forest only the richness of earthworms and Coleoptera recovered. Our results show that forest clearing constitutes a major disturbance for the soil macrofauna and that the recovery potential of the soil macrofauna after 6 or 7 years is much higher in fallows than in pastures. Thus, fallows may play a crucial role in the conservation of soil macrofauna.     

常规水处理厂中小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果

介绍了小隐孢子虫卵囊的特点及其对人体的危害,分析了pH、混凝剂种类与投加量、电导率和天然有机物含量等对小隐孢子虫卵囊的Zeta电位的影响,总结了混凝-沉淀-过滤和直接过滤对小隐孢子虫卵囊的去除效果,探讨了水温、水质、混凝剂种类与投加量、滤料层组成和滤速等对去除效果的影响.     

Preozonation of bromide-bearing source water in south China

The effectiveness of preozonation was evaluated on treating a bromide-bearing dam source water in south China through batch-scale experiments. Preozonation at ozone doses of 0.5-1.0 mg/L （at ozone consumption base） enhanced total organic carbon （TOC） removal through coagulation, and resulted in an almost linear reduction of ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （LW2s4）. The removals of TOC （after coagulation） and UV254 at the ozone dose of 1.0 mg/L were 36% and 70%, respectively. Preozonation at an ozone dose between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L resulted in the removal of disinfection byproducts formation potential （DBFP） including trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） and haloacetic acid formation potential （HAAFP） for about 50%. The removals of THMFP and HAAFP decreased with the further increase of ozone dose. Ozonation of bromide-bearing water （bromide concentration, 34 μg/L） produced a bromate concentration under the detection limit（2μg/L） at ozone doses 〈1.5 mg/L. However, bromate 〉10μg/L could be produced when the bromide concentration was increased to 96 μg/L.     

利用克氏螯虾触角电位监测水体Hg~(2+)污染的研究

随着工业的发展,水体污染日趋严重。一定量的重金属对生物体和人体的生理生化功能具有多方面的毒性作用。水环境中高浓度的Hg~(2+)对生物的危害极大,无机汞中又以HgCl_2为最。在水污染生物监测的研究领域内,国外已有用螯虾作为实验动物的报道。然而,迄今尚未见有Hg~(2+)影响淡水螯虾触角感觉功能的报道。     

藻细胞膜电信号对重金属的快速反应研究

为探讨藻细胞膜电信号对重金属离子的响应特征,运用细胞外表面技术和电化学方法研究了淡水藻——大型轮藻(Nitellaflexilis)藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉、铅的快速反应.结果表明,细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉响应灵敏且快速,30min内即对1μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+表现出超极化和膜电阻增大反应,而5、10μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+则在15min内引起细胞去极化、膜电阻减小,且剂量效应显著.细胞膜电信号对Pb2+的响应浓度为100μmol·L-1,30min内细胞先去极化后超极化,膜电阻持续增大.重金属作用前后相比,高浓度Hg2+、Cd2+(5、10μmol·L-1)导致藻细胞不可逆损伤,而其低浓度所致的损伤可恢复.Pb2+致藻细胞不可逆损伤的最低浓度为500μmol·L-1.对比膜电信号对3种离子的响应特点,发现藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对Hg2+和Cd2+的响应灵敏度大于Pb2+.     

Trihalomethane Formation Potential and Concentration Changes During Water Treatment at Mumbai (India)

The treated water at the outlet oftreatment plants and representative servicereservoirs of Mumbai city have been evaluatedfor trihalomethane formation potential in1995–1996. Chloroform, dichlorobromomethane,chlorodibromomethane and bromoform have beenmonitored during monsoon, winter and summer.The levels of chloroform are found above theregulated WHO guideline value of 200 g L^-1 in final water during postmonsoon atGhatkopar (226 g L^-1), Malbar (210.3 g L^-1) and Tulsi (231.26 g L^-1).     

濮阳市VOCs污染特征及其臭氧生成潜势分析

以京津冀及周边"2+26"城市之一濮阳为例,对环境空气VOCs的污染特征及其臭氧生成潜势进行分析。研究表明:濮阳市的臭氧生成对VOCs浓度比较敏感,VOCs各组分的平均浓度表现为含氧有机物烷烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃,乙烯和丙酮是浓度水平最高的2种物质,对VOCs浓度贡献分别为11. 3%和10. 5%; VOCs各组分的臭氧生成潜势量表现为含氧有机物芳香烃烯烃烷烃炔烃。OFP排名前三位的是乙醛、乙烯和甲苯,其对臭氧生成的贡献量超过了总量的三分之一;制定关键物质选取原则,筛选出濮阳市VOCs的关键种类; VOCs及其关键种类与气温和风向存在一定的相关关系;濮阳市VOCs关键种类的污染主要来源于化石燃料燃烧、石油化工生产和溶剂涂料挥发等工业生产和机动车尾气排放等。     

Eh耦合的稻田土壤镉、砷释放机制

镉（Cd）、砷（As）是稻田土壤的主要重（类）金属污染物,稻田土壤Cd、As的释放与其氧化还原电位（E_h）密切相关,但E_h耦合的稻田土壤砷、镉释放机制仍不清楚.本实验利用高精度土壤微反应器模拟E_h梯度变化过程（-250、-50、170 mV）,研究其耦合的土壤Cd、As及相关元素（Fe、Al、Ca、S、P、DOC）的释放特征,并结合同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱技术（μ-XRF）探讨了不同E_h（-250、-50、170 mV）条件下稻田土壤As释放机制.结果表明：随着供试体系E_h从-250 mV升高至170 mV,土水混合液中DOC和pH值逐步下降,但Cd、As及相关Al、S、P、Fe元素浓度则同时升高.其中,Cd与S、Al增长均呈先缓后快特征,而As与P、Fe增长则呈先快后缓趋势,说明在E_h升高过程中Cd与S,以及As与Fe间密切相关.同步辐射μ-XRF分析发现,在低E_h条件下,土壤颗粒上As、Fe和S的高含量点信号重合,As-S及As-Fe的可决系数分别在E_h为-250 mV和170 mV条件下最高,说明在低E_h条件下As很可能主要受硫化铁控制,但在高E_h条件下则受铁氧化物影响.综上可知,低E_h条件下,As、Cd主要受到硫化铁的控制.随着E_h的升高,土壤Cd的活性逐渐升高,As的活性则受到铁氧化物控制.本研究结果可为理解土壤Cd、As共同释放机制及调控土壤Cd、As活性提供重要理论依据.     

长三角北部沿海城市2018年大气VOCs分布特征

于2018年4—9月在连云港市不同功能区进行了VOCs苏玛罐采样,分析了57种PAMS物种和15种醛酮化合物.结果表明,工业区VOCs浓度最高（54.51 μg·m^-3）,其次是城区（52.59 μg·m^-3）,郊区浓度最低（43.98 μg·m^-3）.不同功能区的VOCs组分占比类似,都为醛酮（39.29%~45.94%） > 烷烃（27.61%~33.15%） > 芳香烃（15.99%~20.25%） > 烯烃（6.49%~7.39%） > 乙炔（0.55%~0.85%）.连云港市PAMS组分浓度与我国其他城市相比明显处于较低水平,季节变化趋势在连云港市城区和郊区基本一致,各组分浓度水平则是城区和工业区较为接近,明显高于郊区.醛酮类化合物中含量最高的为丙酮和2-丁酮,与我国其他城市和乡村地区相比也处在较高水平,季节变化趋势在连云港市所有功能区均呈现春季最高,秋季最低,夏季居中的情况.采用MIR系数计算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,不同功能区对臭氧生成贡献最大的都是芳香烃（39.18%~46.63%）,醛酮（23.90%~29.89%）其次.OFP排名前十物种表明,在连云港市控制正己烷、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯等芳香烃和丙酮、2-丁酮,可以有效控制O₃生成.甲苯/苯比值在2左右表明连云港市交通源对大气VOCs贡献显著,由异戊烷/TVOCs比值可知城区和郊区汽油挥发源贡献明显大于工业区,甲醛/乙醛比值在1左右表明连云港市不同功能区大气都符合城市地区的特征,从苯/甲苯与二甲苯/苯比值散点图发现连云港市大气老化特征明显.